建成未运行的核电站SHOREHAM AND THE ENVIRONMENTALIST GUERILLAS

haoenglish

是世界上建造周期最长11年，投资最大56亿美金the costs incurred in building the Shoreham plant ($5.6 billion)，唯一的建成而没有运营的核电站。

没有申请到运营执照的主要原因是因为环保主义者和当地民众的反对，

SHOREHAM AND THE ENVIRONMENTALIST GUERILLAS    [[[[[[[[
                        By Sam McCracken                12/2/1988
           From National Review 24 June 1988 p. 14

           [Kindly uploaded by Freeman 10602PANC]

   Late last  month the  people of  New York  State got  quite a
bargain:  the  Shoreham  nuclear-power   plant  on  Long  Island,
complete and almost ready to  run a certified $5.3-billion value
for only one dollar.
   If you wonder why the  plant's owner the Long Island Lighting
Company  (Lilco) was  willing to  sell at  such a  discount the
answer can be found in that  phrase ``almost ready to run.''  All
Shoreham lacks  is an  operating license  for which  it has been
waiting  since  its  completion  in  1984.   It  doesn't  have an
operating license because the State of New York and its creature,
Suffolk  County  have refused  to  take part  in  developing the
emergency-evacuation plans that  are a requisite  to securing the
license from  the Nuclear  Regulatory Commission  (NRC).  Earlier
this year it looked as if the NRC had finally lost patience with
the  persistent nonfeasance  of the  local authorities  and would
grant the  license without  their participation;  but this relief
came too late.
   Crushed by the burden of debt  incurred in building a plant it
could not use  Lilco settled for  a deal under  which through a
huge tax deduction  the federal taxpayers will  ante up for part
of its losses and its customers will take care of the rest.
   Shoreham was  in deep  trouble long  before the  state and the
county went  on their  sit-down strike.   Its construction  was a
remarkable  example  of  delay  in  an  industry  where  delay is
routine.  It was ordered in 1967  but did not get a construction
license until 1973.   (By contrast the  Millstone Point II plant
across Long Island Sound ordered  the same year as Shoreham got
its construction permit three  years earlier.)  Building Shoreham
took 11 years.  (Millstone Point  II was completed in five.)  And
finally building Shoreham difficult as  it was was easier than
operating it which turned out to be impossible.
   Meanwhile in Connecticut Millstone Point II cost $424 million
and by  the time  Shoreham was  completed had  already paid for
itself  by  fuel  savings  which  now  total  approximately $700
million.
   Shoreham  proved  so  expensive   for  a  number  of  reasons,
including   management    failures   leaden-handed   regulation,
environmentalist guerrilla  tactics and  the malevolence  of the
local governments.  All  of these operated  through delay.  Delay
ensured  that  the  plant was  constructed  through  a  period of
swinging inflation  and swinging  interest rates.   (Shoreham has
been costing Lilco upwards of $1  million a day in interest.)  It
cost $4.8 billion more than Millstone Point II.
   The final and fatal delay was the most unnecessary of all the
delay in  the operating license.   This delay was  not imposed by
the   authorities  responsible   for   ensuring  the   safety  of
nuclear-power plants  -- those  whose supervision  has meant that
not a single member of the public has been injured.  They had not
concluded that Shoreham was unsafe to operate.  Rather the local
authorities had yielded to anti-nuclear hysteria.
   Nuclear power is held  to a standard of  safety which no other
industrial technology could possibly meet.  If the standards were
generalized  tankers carrying  liquefied  natural gas  could not
enter our  harbors.  Semiconductor  factories could  not operate.
And  indeed cola-fired  power plants  most  of which  emit more
radiation  than  is  permitted  for  nuclear  plants  could  not
operate.
   Nuclear power  has been  meeting this  standard.  But Governor
Cuomo and  his allies have  devised something  new: an infinitely
high standard.
   Speaking  some  years  ago about  the  financial  prospects of
Lilco Governor Cuomo compassionately remarked ``Let them take a
bath.  They're a  private corporation.''  In  the event the bath
will be taken  by practically everyone  but Lilco.  It  will be a
crowded tub.  Lilco's customers and the federal taxpayers will be
there.   So will  all the  inhabitants of  Long Island  who will
suffer from unreliable sources of electricity.  And since some of
the  replacement electricity  for Shoreham  will be  generated by
burning more coal which kills people through air pollution some
of the people in the tub will be not merely clean but dead.
   The  nuclear  industry is  in  a mess  in  America especially
compared  to  countries  like France  where  55  percent  of the
electricity comes from the  atom.  Some of the  blame must got to
the regulators who  among other things  have ensured that each
plant  must  be custom-designed  and  custom-built incorporating
hundreds of design changes over  the period of construction.  And
a  great deal  of  blame must  go  to the  anti-nuclear movement,
which unable to make nuclear power illegal has done what it can
to make it uneconomical.  To this the New York State and Suffolk
County authorities  have added  civil disobedience  by government
itself.
   They already have  emulators to the  north: Michael Dukakis is
trying to  kill the Seabrook  plant with his  own sit-down strike
over  emergency planning.   Most of  the politicians  involved in
these tactics will have moved up  or out when the bills come due,
but their names should be remembered for the history books.

[More: IEEE  Spectrum Vol. 24  No. 11  (November 1987) Special
report: the Shoreham saga.]

[此贴子已经被作者于2005-7-5 10:13:27编辑过]

天之道，损有余而补不足。是故虚胜实，不足胜有余。其意博，其理奥，其趣深，天地之象分，阴阳之候列，变化之由表，死生之兆彰，不谋而遗迹自同，勿约而幽明斯契，稽其言有微，验之事不忒，诚可谓至道之宗，奉生之始矣。－《九阴真经》

mr.jaychen

Disposition of the Shoreham Nuclear Power PlantThe Shoreham nuclear power plant which was built by the Long Island Lighting Company was abandoned shortly after construction was completed in 1985 due to intense public opposition to the plant. The Long Island Power Authority (LIPA) was created in 1986 to close the plant find alternative uses for plant facilities and identify methods for lowering the electric rates on Long Island. Partly because of the costs incurred in building the Shoreham plant ($5.6 billion) the electric rates on Long Island are among the highest in the nation. We reviewed the performance of LIPA and found that the Shoreham plant had successfully been closed. However LIPA had yet to find alternative uses for plant facilities and was still in the process of developing a plan to lower electric rates on Long Island. We suggested that consideration be given to dissolving LIPA and allowing its role to be filled by other State agencies or public authorities such as the Public Service Commission or the New York Power Authority.

For a complete copy of Report 95-D-38 click here.pdf (66.3 KB, 下载次数: 0)

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For a copy of the 90-day response click here.pdf (99.38 KB, 下载次数: 0)

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天之道，损有余而补不足。是故虚胜实，不足胜有余。其意博，其理奥，其趣深，天地之象分，阴阳之候列，变化之由表，死生之兆彰，不谋而遗迹自同，勿约而幽明斯契，稽其言有微，验之事不忒，诚可谓至道之宗，奉生之始矣。－《九阴真经》

anweijian777

Shoreham
Brookhaven N.Y.
Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)
Net Output: 809 MWe
Permanently shutdown. Date closed : 05/1989.
The Shoreham Nuclear Power Station in Wading River New York (7 miles SSW of Brookhaven NY on Long Island Sound) closed before commercial operation began.

Note: the Shoreham low-pressure turbine rotors are currently in use at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station.


The Shoreham plant on New York's Long Island is a virtual twin to the Millstone 1 plant in Connecticut both ordered in the mid-'60s. Millstone completed for $101 million has been generating electricity for two decades. Shoreham however was singled out by anti-nuclear activists who by filing endless protests drove the cost to over $5 billion and delayed its use for many years.
Shoreham was finally completed and won its operating license. The plant completed its 5% power testing but was never put into commercial operation. Gov. Mario Cuomo an opponent of a Shoreham startup strong-armed New York's public-utilities commission into the following settlement: the power company could pass the cost of Shoreham along to its consumers only if it agreed not to operate the plant! Today a perfectly good facility capable of serving hundreds of thousands of homes sits rusting.


The Shoreham Nuclear Plant (SNP) located on the northern shore of Long Island was an 849 MWe Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) owned by Long Island Lighting Company (LILCO). Due to intense public opposition to the plant it was given only a conditional operating license not to exceed 5% power in 1985. The plant operated intermittently over a period of two years -- the core vessel and internals accumulated less than three effective full power days by the time of shutdown in June of 1987. The plant 's nuclear steam supply system consisted of a single cycle forced circulation low power density boiling water reactor with a two-loop recirculation system. Primary containment consisted of the drywell a pressure suppression pool and a connecting submerged vent system between the drywell and pool.  The reactor enclosed the primary containment thereby providing a secondary containment.  Two turbine generator facilities and two diesel generator facilities share the same site.

Still due to local public opposition to nuclear power the plant was transferred to a separate entity the Long Island Power Authority (LIPA) in 1989 and the reactor's fuel was transferred from the core to the spent fuel pool. By Settlement Agreement LIPA was to close and decommission the plant as soon as was practical and to find alternative uses for the plant facilities. The DECON method was selected based on cost considerations maximizing the use of existing trained personnel future low-level waste disposal uncertainties and the potential for more restrictive site release criteria in later years. LIPA employed the New York Power Authority (NYPA) to direct the decommissioning activities. NYPA in turn contracted several companies to perform the planning field decommissioning and dismantling activities. TLG Services contributed cost estimates and the preparation of a draft Decommissioning Plan establishing a target date of mid-1974 for final site release. A comprehensive radiological characterization program was developed and carried out to identify the inventory of systems and structures known to be contaminated and/or activated. This characterization program formed the basis for all planning and cost estimating activities and was a major factor in accurately planning the work and completing the project within the budget and on schedule.

The spent nuclear fuel was discharged from the reactor core and temporarily stored in the fuel storage pool. An aggressive effort was conducted to locate a willing recipient for the fuel and after extensive negotiations Philadelphia Electric Company agreed to use it at its Limerick Plant. LILCO paid Philadelphia Electric almost $50 million to take the fuel. The primary objective of the program was to transport all other radioactive materials to the Barnwell burial facility before it closed to outside waste generators (then expected to occur in 1994). There were only 602 curies (due to neutron activation) in the reactor vessel and internals and approximately thirty millicuries of surface contamination in the remaining reactor systems and structures. Upon approval of the Decommissioning Plan NYPA contractors mobilized rapidly and field activities began early in 1992.

Three cutting stations were established; an in-vessel cutting station a wet cutting station (high dose components) and a dry cutting station (low dose components) installed in the dryer-separator pool. Plasma arc cutting was chosen as the primary vessel internals cutting method. Preliminary internals cutting was done under water in the vessel followed by further segmentation at the wet cutting station to fit into transportation casks . The vessel was segmented using an inside diameter mechanical cutting machine. This mechanical track cutting system designed specifically for Shoreham's vessel was the only development work needed for the project. The vessel shell was cut horizontally into ring sections and transported to the dry cutting station for further vertical segmentation. The dryer-separator (low dose component) was also cut in the dry cutting station because of its difficult cutting geometry. Dry cutting required local fume collection with twelve air volume changes per hour.

Extensive planning was done to prepare laydown areas for maximum use of available floor space around the reactor cavity. Additional jib cranes were installed to facilitate the handling of segments and tooling. Pre-planning each activity with proven technological methods kept actual radiation exposures As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA). Control of pool water clarity during cutting was a major challenge requiring high filtration flow rates and frequent filter changes. The dose rates from the filter were not a problem because of the relatively low activation levels in the vessel. Similarly control of airborne contamination during dry cutting was important to maintain low exposures in the containment building.

Portions of the remaining contaminated systems contained low levels of radioactivity and the components were removed packaged and transported for disposal. Decontamination techniques such as dry ice pressure blasting were attempted on one of the systems with lower levels of contamination but proved to be too costly for extensive use. Building concrete "hot spots" were decontaminated using scabbling (scarification) techniques.
The program was estimated to cost $186 million dollars for the decommissioning activities themselves. The cost at completion was about $182 million excluding the cost for disposition of the fuel. The final radiation survey was conducted during the latter part of 1994; the NRC terminated Shoreham's radioactive materials license in May 1995. Due to its short operating period and low power history the Shoreham site contained virtually no environmental contamination or contamination outside of three major structures and their systems (spent fuel pool dryer separator pit and reactor cavity). The balance of the site and support structures remained intact; turbine facilities and diesel generators continue to function.

天之道，损有余而补不足。是故虚胜实，不足胜有余。其意博，其理奥，其趣深，天地之象分，阴阳之候列，变化之由表，死生之兆彰，不谋而遗迹自同，勿约而幽明斯契，稽其言有微，验之事不忒，诚可谓至道之宗，奉生之始矣。－《九阴真经》